धातु एवं अधातु — BSEB Class 10 Science, Chapter 3
BSEB Class 10 Science (Book: Vigyan) — EG ka original summary, Hindi me
Original notes — ready Educational Galaxy ke apne shabdon me
धातु एवं अधातु — EG के अपने शब्दों में सार
Book: Vigyan (BSEB, Class 10 Science) | Chapter 3 | Medium: Hindi (English technical words saath me)
Diagram (image par Hindi labels lage hain): Dhatu ki roz ki cheezein — tamba ka taar (bijli ke liye), lohe ki keel (mazbooti ke liye), patli patti aur sone ki plate (chamak aur patla hone ki misaal). Har cheez dhatu ke ek gun ko dikhati hai.
1. Dhatu aur adhatu me buniyadi farak
Apne shabdon me: dhatu chamakdar hote hain, unhe peetkar patli chadar banayi ja sakti hai (malleability), kheenchnkar taar banaya ja sakta hai (ductility), aur wo garmi aur bijli ke achhe chalak hote hain — jaise loha, tamba, aluminium, sona. Adhatu iske ulte hote hain: na chamak, na taar, na achha chalak — jaise oxygen, carbon, gandhak. Ek apvaad yaad rakho: graphite (carbon ka ek roop) adhatu hokar bhi bijli chalata hai, isliye pencil ki lead me use hota hai.
Caption: धातु को तार में खींचा जा सकता है और पतली चादर में पीटा जा सकता है — धातुओं के इन्हीं दो गुणों का सरल चित्र। चित्र में हथौड़ा नहीं, सिर्फ बने हुए तार और चादर दिखाए गए हैं।
2. Dhatu oxygen, pani aur aml se kaise react karte hain?
Dhatu oxygen se milkar apne oxide banate hain — zyadatar dhatu-oxide kshar (basic) hote hain. Pani se kuch dhatu tez react karte hain (sodium, potassium — itne tez ki aag lag sakti hai, isliye kerosene me rakhe jaate hain), kuch dheere (loha, tamba pani se aam taur par seedha react nahi karte). Aml se dhatu hydrogen gas chhodte hain — jaise zinc + dilute hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen. Yahi hydrogen gas wali parakh board me aksar aati hai: gas ke paas jalti teeli le jaane par "pop" ki awaaz hoti hai.
3. Kriyashilta shreni (Reactivity Series) — yaad karne ka tareeka
Is shreni ka matlab simple hai: jo dhatu oopar hai, wo neeche wali dhatu ko uske lavn ke ghol se bahar nikaal sakta hai, ulta nahi. Example: loha, tamba ke sulphate ghol se tamba nikaal sakta hai, par tamba lohe ke ghol se loha nahi nikaal sakta. Isi se displacement reactions samajh aate hain. Poori shreni ratne ki bajay ye niyam yaad rakho: "Oopar wala, neeche wale ko hatata hai."
4. Dhatu kaise nikale jaate hain? (Ek line ka safar)
Khanij (mineral) → ayask (ore, jisme dhatu kaafi matra me ho) → saaf karna (enrichment) → oxide banana → apchayan (reduction, oxygen hatana) → shuddh dhatu → shodhan (refining). Is safar me carbon ya bijli (electrolysis) ka use hota hai — jo dhatu zyada kriyashil hai, use bijli se nikala jaata hai (jaise aluminium), kam kriyashil ko carbon se (jaise loha, zinc).
5. Jung aur mishra-dhatu (Alloys) — roz ke examples
Jung (Corrosion): Lohe par hawa aur nami se bhuri parat jamna. Rokne ke tareeke: rang-poth, tel lagana, galvanisation (jasta/zinc ki parat chadhana). Mishra-dhatu: Do ya zyada dhatuon (ya dhatu + adhatu) ka mishran, jo akele dhatu se zyada mazboot ya jung-rodhi hota hai. Examples: peetal (tamba + jasta), kansa (tamba + tin), steel (loha + carbon — shuddh lohe se zyada sakht).
Caption: रोज़ की धातु की चीज़ें — चम्मच, कीलें, ताँबे की वस्तु और अँगूठी। यह चित्र धातुओं की चमक और उपयोग दिखाता है, किसी धातु की शुद्धता का दावा नहीं करता।
Practice set — khud karke dekhein
- Dhatu ke 4 gun likhein, har gun ka ek roz ka example dein.
- Zinc ko dilute acid me daalne par kaunsi gas niklegi aur use kaise pehchanoge?
- Loha, tamba ke ghol se tamba kyun nikaal sakta hai, ulta kyun nahi? Kriyashilta ke niyam se samjhayein.
- Galvanisation kya hai aur ye lohe ko jung se kaise bachata hai?
- Steel shuddh lohe se kyun behtar hai? Ek kaam batayein jahan steel hi use hota hai.
Yaad rakhne ki trick: Dhatu = chamak + taar + chadar + chalak. In char shabdon se har definition shuru karo, phir example jodo.
Thoda aur samajh — kriyashilta ka niyam kaam me kaise aata hai?
Kriyashilta shreni ko ek seedhi samjho: oopar wali dhatu neeche wali se zyada kriyashil hai. Jab koi dhatu kisi doosri dhatu ke lavn ke ghol me daali jaati hai, to sirf ye dekho ki kaun oopar hai — oopar wali, neeche wali ko bahar nikaal degi. Yehi ek niyam displacement, extraction aur jung se bachav — teeno jagah kaam aata hai, isliye poori list ratne ki bajay is niyam ko pakka kar lo.
Related diagrams
Diagram 1 (image par Hindi labels lage hain): Patthar ke khambon ke beech ek lohe ka gate hai aur oopar se baarish ki boondein gir rahi hain, par gate par jung nazar nahi aata. Ye galvanisation ke vichaar ko dikhata hai — suraksha ki parat ke saath loha baarish me bhi jaldi jung nahi pakadta. Note: suraksha wali zinc ki parat alag se dikhayi nahi deti, ye sirf uska asar dikhata hai.
Diagram 2 (image par Hindi labels lage hain): Baayi taraf tamba ke taar ka gol chakkar hai, beech me hathode se peeti hui dhatu ki patli patti hai, aur daayi taraf ek chamakdar dhatu ki chhad hai. Ye teeno cheezein dhatu ke teen gun dikhati hain — taar ban sakna (ductility), patli chadar ban sakna (malleability) aur chamak.
मुख्य शब्द / Key Terms
- धातु (Metal): Chamakdar, taar aur chadar banne wala, garmi-bijli ka chalak padarth.
- अधातु (Non-metal): Na chamak, na taar, na achha chalak — dhatu ke ulte gun wala padarth.
- तन्यता (Ductility): Dhatu ko kheenchnkar taar banane ka gun.
- आघातवर्ध्यता (Malleability): Dhatu ko peetkar patli chadar banane ka gun.
- क्रियाशीलता श्रेणी (Reactivity Series): Dhatuon ko unki kriyashilta ke kram me lagane wali shreni.
- विस्थापन (Displacement): Zyada kriyashil dhatu ka kam kriyashil dhatu ko uske ghol se bahar nikalna.
- अयस्क (Ore): Wo khanij jisme dhatu kaafi matra me ho aur nikalna faydemand ho.
- अपचयन (Reduction): Oxide se oxygen hatakar dhatu paana.
- गैल्वेनीकरण (Galvanisation): Lohe par jasta (zinc) ki parat chadhana, jung se bachane ke liye.
- मिश्रधातु (Alloy): Do ya zyada dhatuon (ya dhatu + adhatu) ka mishran.
याद रखें
- Dhatu = chamak + taar + chadar + chalak — ye char gun pehchaan hain.
- Graphite adhatu hokar bhi bijli chalata hai — ye apvaad yaad rakho.
- Kriyashilta me oopar wali dhatu, neeche wali ko uske ghol se bahar nikaalti hai.
- Sodium aur potassium pani se itne tez react karte hain ki unhe kerosene me rakha jaata hai.
- Dhatu + dilute acid → lavn + hydrogen gas; hydrogen ki parakh "pop" awaaz se hoti hai.
- Zyada kriyashil dhatu bijli (electrolysis) se, kam kriyashil carbon se nikali jaati hai.
- Peetal = tamba + jasta, kansa = tamba + tin, steel = loha + carbon.
परीक्षा टिप / आम गलती
Galti: reactivity series ko ulta padhna — ye samajhna ki neeche wali dhatu, oopar wali ko bahar nikaal degi. Sahi: hamesha oopar wali jeetti hai. Tip: displacement sawaal me pehle dono dhatuon ki position compare karo, phir answer likho — position yaad na ho to loha-tamba wala example yaad karo: loha, tamba ko nikaalta hai, ulta nahi.
Important Questions — परीक्षा के लिए ज़रूरी प्रश्न
- Q: Dhatu aur adhatu ke 4 farak likhein, har ek ka ek example dein. Hint / Answer: Chamak, taar, chadar, chalak — dhatu me ye sab hote hain, adhatu me nahi (graphite apvaad hai).
- Q: Graphite adhatu hokar bhi bijli kyun chalata hai, aur iska kya fayda hai? Hint / Answer: Ye carbon ka ek khaas roop hai jo bijli chalata hai, isliye pencil ki lead aur electrodes me use hota hai.
- Q: Zinc ko dilute hydrochloric acid me daalne par kaunsi gas niklegi aur use kaise pehchanoge? Hint / Answer: Hydrogen gas; jalti teeli paas le jaane par "pop" ki awaaz hoti hai.
- Q: Sodium ko pani me seedha kyun nahi daalte? Hint / Answer: Kyunki ye pani se bahut tez react karta hai, aag lag sakti hai — isliye kerosene me rakha jaata hai.
- Q: Loha, tamba ke sulphate ghol se tamba nikaal sakta hai, par tamba lohe ke ghol se loha kyun nahi nikaal sakta? Hint / Answer: Kyunki loha kriyashilta shreni me tamba se oopar hai — oopar wala hi neeche wale ko hatata hai.
- Q: Ayask aur khanij me kya farak hai? Hint / Answer: Har ayask khanij hota hai, par har khanij ayask nahi — ayask me dhatu itni matra me ho ki nikalna faydemand ho.
- Q: Aluminium ko carbon se kyun nahi nikala jaata? Hint / Answer: Kyunki ye bahut zyada kriyashil hai, isliye use bijli (electrolysis) se nikala jaata hai.
- Q: Galvanisation lohe ko jung se kaise bachata hai? Hint / Answer: Zinc ki parat lohe ko hawa aur nami se seedha milne nahi deti, isliye jung nahi lagta.
- Q: Steel shuddh lohe se kyun behtar hai? Hint / Answer: Steel (loha + carbon) shuddh lohe se zyada sakht aur mazboot hota hai, isliye pul, building aur bartan me use hota hai.