रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ एवं समीकरण — BSEB Class 10 Science, Chapter 1
BSEB Class 10 Science (Book: Vigyan) — EG ka original summary, Hindi me
Original notes — ready Educational Galaxy ke apne shabdon me
रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ एवं समीकरण — EG के अपने शब्दों में सार
Book: Vigyan (BSEB, Class 10 Science) | Chapter 1 | Medium: Hindi (English technical words saath me)
1. रासायनिक अभिक्रिया क्या है?
Jab koi cheez badalkar ek nayi cheez ban jaye — jiske gun pehli cheez se alag hon — to use rasayanik abhikriya kehte hain. Example apne shabdon me: loha lambi der geela rahe to us par bhuri parat jam jaati hai — ye sirf rang nahi badla, loha ek nayi cheez me badal gaya. Isi tarah doodh ka dahi banana bhi ek badlaav hai, par uski pehchaan ye hai ki wapas doodh nahi ban sakta.
2. रासायनिक समीकरण — likhne ka tareeka
Abhikriya ko chhote sanketon me likhna hi samikaran hai. Baayi taraf wo cheezein likhte hain jo shuru me thi (abhikarak / reactants), teer ke baad wo cheezein jo bani (utpaad / products). Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen → Pani. Yahan hydrogen aur oxygen abhikarak hain, pani utpaad hai.
3. Santulit samikaran kyun zaroori hai?
Ek simple niyam yaad rakhein: koi parmanu na banta hai, na mit-ta hai — sirf judta-tut-ta hai. Isliye teer ke dono taraf har tatva ke parmanu barabar hone chahiye. Agar ek taraf 2 hydrogen hain aur doosri taraf 4, to samikaran adhoora hai — use sankhya badalkar santulit karna padta hai. Yehi santulan (balancing) board ke sawaalon ka sabse bada hissa hai.
4. Abhikriyaon ke prakaar — roz ke examples ke saath
- Sanyojan (Combination): Do cheezein milkar ek banein. Example: chuna (calcium oxide) + pani → bujha hua chuna, aur isme garmi nikalti hai.
- Viyojan (Decomposition): Ek cheez tootkar do ya zyada banein. Example: garmi dene par calcium carbonate tootkar calcium oxide aur carbon dioxide deta hai.
- Visthapan (Displacement): Zyada kriyashil cheez kam kriyashil ko uski jagah se hataye. Example: lohe ki keel ko neela thotha (copper sulphate) ke ghol me daalne par keel par tamba jam jaata hai.
- Dwi-visthapan (Double Displacement): Do cheezein apne hisse adal-badal karein. Example: barium chloride aur sodium sulphate milne par safed barium sulphate ka avkshep (precipitate) banta hai.
- Upchayan–Apchayan (Oxidation–Reduction): Jahan oxygen mile ya hydrogen chhoote, use upchayan kehte hain; jahan oxygen chhoote ya hydrogen mile, use apchayan. Ek hi abhikriya me dono saath ho sakte hain — isliye use redox kehte hain.
5. Roz ki zindagi me upchayan
Jung lagna (Corrosion): Lohe par jung lagna upchayan ka roz ka example hai. Rancidity: Tel-ghee lambi der khula rakha rahe to uski badboo badal jaati hai — isse rokne ke liye chips ke packet me nitrogen gas bhari jaati hai, taaki oxygen tel se na mile. Board me ye dono examples aksar poochhe jaate hain.
Caption: प्रयोगशाला की मेज़ पर रंगीन घोलों वाले फ्लास्क — रसायन विज्ञान की पढ़ाई का आकर्षक दृश्य। यह कोई विशेष प्रयोग नहीं दिखाता, सिर्फ प्रयोगशाला का माहौल है।
Caption: धातु की पट्टी अम्ल में है और बुलबुले उठ रहे हैं — धातु और अम्ल की क्रिया का सरल चित्र। यह चित्र गैस को इकट्ठा करते हुए नहीं दिखाता, सिर्फ क्रिया के दौरान उठते बुलबुले दिखाता है।
Practice set — khud karke dekhein
- Abhikarak aur utpaad me farak apne shabdon me likhein, ek example ke saath.
- Santikaran kyun zaroori hai? Ek line me niyam likhein.
- Lohe ki keel ko copper sulphate ke ghol me daalne par kya hoga, aur ye kaunsi abhikriya hai?
- Sanyojan aur viyojan me farak batayein, har ek ka ek roz ka example dein.
- Chips ke packet me nitrogen kyun bhari jaati hai? Rancidity se iska kya sambandh hai?
Yaad rakhne ki trick: Pehle abhikriya ko shabdon me samjho, phir sanketon me likho, phir dono taraf parmanu gino — santulan apne aap dikh jayega.
Thoda aur samajh — santulan kaise check karein?
Santulan check karne ka seedha tareeka ye hai: pehle ek tatva chuno jo sabse kam jagah aata hai, uske parmanu dono taraf barabar karo, phir doosre tatva par jao. Aakhir me phir se sab tatva gin lo. Agar kisi tatva ke parmanu ek taraf zyada reh jaayein, to samikaran abhi santulit nahi hua — sankhya badlo, par kisi sutra (formula) ke andar ki sankhya mat badlo, kyunki wo badalne se cheez hi badal jayegi. Ye ek chhota sa niyam board ke lambi samikaran wale sawaalon me bahut kaam aata hai.
Related diagrams
Diagram 1 (image par Hindi labels lage hain): Baayi taraf ek saaf, chamakdar screw hai aur daayi taraf ek bhuri keel hai jiske paas jung ke tukde dikh rahe hain. Ye jung lagne ka seedha farak dikhata hai — pehle wali cheez nayi thi, baad wali badalkar ek nayi parat wali cheez ban gayi.
Diagram 2 (image par Hindi labels lage hain, imaandari se note karein): Ek flask me neela ghol hai aur usme ek keel doobi hui dikh rahi hai — ye visthapan (displacement) wale prayog ka setup dikhata hai. Lekin is image me keel par tamba ki laal-bhuri parat saaf nazar NAHI aati, isliye ise sirf setup samjhein; keel par tamba jamne wali baat upar ke text se yaad rakhein, is image se nahi.
मुख्य शब्द / Key Terms
- अभिक्रियाएँ (Reactions): Jab cheezein badalkar nayi cheezein banein.
- समीकरण (Equation): Abhikriya ko sanketon aur sutron me chhota likhne ka tareeka.
- अभिकारक (Reactants): Jo cheezein abhikriya shuru me maujood hoti hain.
- उत्पाद (Products): Abhikriya ke baad jo nayi cheezein banti hain.
- संतुलित समीकरण (Balanced Equation): Jisme teer ke dono taraf har tatva ke parmanu barabar hon.
- संयोजन (Combination): Do ya zyada cheezein milkar ek cheez banein.
- वियोजन (Decomposition): Ek cheez tootkar do ya zyada cheezein banein.
- विस्थापन (Displacement): Zyada kriyashil cheez kam kriyashil cheez ko uski jagah se hataye.
- अवक्षेप (Precipitate): Ghol me banta hua thos padarth jo alag dikhne lagta hai.
- उपचयन (Oxidation): Jisme oxygen mile ya hydrogen chhoote.
- अपचयन (Reduction): Jisme oxygen chhoote ya hydrogen mile.
याद रखें
- Parmanu na banta hai, na mit-ta hai — isliye santulan zaroori hai.
- Abhikarak teer ke baayi taraf, utpaad daayi taraf likhe jaate hain.
- Sanyojan me cheezein milti hain, viyojan me ek cheez tootti hai.
- Visthapan me hamesha zyada kriyashil cheez jeetti hai.
- Upchayan aur apchayan aksar ek hi abhikriya me saath hote hain.
- Jung lagna aur rancidity, roz ki zindagi ke upchayan ke examples hain.
परीक्षा टिप / आम गलती
Galti: santulan karte waqt sutra ke andar ki chhoti sankhya badal dena. Sahi tareeka: sirf sutra ke aage ki badi sankhya (coefficient) badlo, andar ki sankhya ko chhedo mat — warna cheez ka naam hi badal jayega. Tip: santulan ke baad aakhir me har tatva ko phir se gin lo, tabhi answer likho.
Important Questions — परीक्षा के लिए ज़रूरी प्रश्न
- Q: Rasayanik abhikriya aur bhautik badlaav me kya farak hai? Hint / Answer: Rasayanik me nayi cheez banti hai jiske gun alag hote hain; bhautik me sirf roop badalta hai, cheez wahi rehti hai.
- Q: Santulit samikaran kyun zaroori hai? Hint / Answer: Kyunki parmanu na bante hain na mit-te hain, isliye dono taraf unki ginti barabar honi chahiye.
- Q: Chuna (calcium oxide) me pani milane par kya hota hai aur ye kaunsi abhikriya hai? Hint / Answer: Bujha hua chuna banta hai aur garmi nikalti hai — ye sanyojan abhikriya hai.
- Q: Garmi dene par calcium carbonate se kya-kya banta hai? Hint / Answer: Calcium oxide aur carbon dioxide — ye viyojan abhikriya hai.
- Q: Lohe ki keel ko copper sulphate ke ghol me daalne par keel ka rang kyun badalta hai? Hint / Answer: Loha, tamba se zyada kriyashil hai, isliye tamba ghol se nikal kar keel par jam jaata hai — visthapan abhikriya.
- Q: Barium chloride aur sodium sulphate milane par safed cheez kyun dikhti hai? Hint / Answer: Barium sulphate ka safed avkshep banta hai — ye dwi-visthapan abhikriya hai.
- Q: Upchayan aur apchayan ek saath kyun hote hain, ek example ke saath samjhayein. Hint / Answer: Jahan ek cheez oxygen leti hai, wahi doosri use chhodti hai, isliye dono saath chalte hain — ise redox kehte hain.
- Q: Chips ke packet me nitrogen kyun bhari jaati hai? Hint / Answer: Taaki oxygen tel se na mile aur rancidity (badboo wala badlaav) na ho.